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In computer science, a 2–3–4 tree (also called a 2–4 tree) is a self-balancing data structure that can be used to implement dictionaries. The numbers mean a tree where every node with children (internal node) has either two, three, or four child nodes: a 2-node has one data element, and if internal has two child nodes;
The simplest pancake sorting algorithm performs at most 2n − 3 flips. In this algorithm, a kind of selection sort , we bring the largest pancake not yet sorted to the top with one flip; take it down to its final position with one more flip; and repeat this process for the remaining pancakes.
This last example shows that a set that is intuitively "nearly sorted" can still have a quadratic number of inversions. The inversion number is the number of crossings in the arrow diagram of the permutation, [ 6 ] the permutation's Kendall tau distance from the identity permutation, and the sum of each of the inversion related vectors defined ...
In number theory, Kaprekar's routine is an iterative algorithm named after its inventor, Indian mathematician D. R. Kaprekar. [1] [2] Each iteration starts with a number, sorts the digits into descending and ascending order, and calculates the difference between the two new numbers. As an example, starting with the number 8991 in base 10:
The result for the above examples would be (in reverse Polish notation) "3 4 +" and "3 4 2 1 − × +", respectively. The shunting yard algorithm will correctly parse all valid infix expressions, but does not reject all invalid expressions. For example, "1 2 +" is not a valid infix expression, but would be parsed as "1 + 2". The algorithm can ...
For examples of this specification-method applied to the addition algorithm "m+n" see Algorithm examples. An example in Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey (2002) (pp. 31–32) demonstrates the precision required in a complete specification of an algorithm, in this case to add two numbers: m+n. It is similar to the Stone requirements above.
Simply swapping these would cause the algorithm to cycle indefinitely. Instead, we have to insert the element after any of its duplicates . The following Python implementation [ 1 ] [ circular reference ] performs cycle sort on an array, counting the number of writes to that array that were needed to sort it.
Elements that occur more than / times in a multiset of size may be found by a comparison-based algorithm, the Misra–Gries heavy hitters algorithm, in time (). The element distinctness problem is a special case of this problem where k = n {\displaystyle k=n} .