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[11] Depression; behaviours associated with a state of low mood and aversion to activity. [12] Excessive vocalisation; vocalising more frequently than expected. [13] Excessive aggression; aggressive acts that are more frequent or of greater intensity than expected. [14]
Engraving depicting the Marocco horse.. Most medieval technical literature consists of treatises on hippiatry, or veterinary care manuals. [S 11] Arab-Muslim civilization made a major contribution to knowledge of hippiatry, equine education, [5] and training, notably thanks to the translator Ibn Akhî Hizâm, who wrote around 895, [6] and Ibn al-Awam, who advocated the rejection of violence ...
1860 engraving depicting the performing horse Marocco. A significant portion of medieval technical literature consists of treatises on veterinary care. [S 11] Arab and Muslim scholars made notable contributions to the knowledge of equine medicine, education, [5] and training, in part due to the contributions of the translator Ibn Akhî Hizâm, who wrote around 895, [6] and Ibn al-Awam, who ...
Horse behavior is best understood from the view that horses are prey animals with a well-developed fight-or-flight response. Their first reaction to a threat is often to flee, although sometimes they stand their ground and defend themselves or their offspring in cases where flight is untenable, such as when a foal would be threatened.
References A ace Slang for the drug acepromazine or acetyl promazine (trade names Atravet or Acezine), which is a sedative : 3 commonly used on horses during veterinary treatment, but also illegal in the show ring. Also abbreviated ACP. action The way a horse elevates its legs, knees, hock, and feet. : 3 Also includes how the horse uses its shoulder, humerus, elbow, and stifle; most often used ...
Placing horses on pasture and the presence of companion animals may both help to reduce stable vices. Stable vices are stereotypies of equines, especially horses.They are usually undesirable habits that often develop as a result of being confined in a stable with boredom, hunger, isolation, excess energy, or insufficient exercise.
Equine ethics is a field of ethical and philosophical inquiry focused on human interactions with horses. It seeks to examine and potentially reform practices that may be deemed unethical, encompassing various aspects such as breeding, care, usage (particularly in sports), and end-of-life considerations.
The approach based on optimality models in biology is sometimes called optimality theory. [1] Optimal behavior is defined as an action that maximizes the difference between the costs and benefits of that decision. Three primary variables are used in optimality models of behavior: decisions, currency, and constraints. [2]