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About 16% of its population lives on a daily income of $1.90 USD or less, and 74.6 people per 100,000 are murdered each year. It also ranks lowest on the Human Development Index, with a score of 130. Honduras and Guatemala have the highest prevalence of direct violence against environmental activists.
Eco-terrorism is an act of violence which is committed in support of environmental causes, against people or property. [1] [2]The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines eco-terrorism as "...the use or threatened use of violence of a criminal nature against innocent victims or their property by an environmentally oriented, subnational group for environmental-political ...
While violence in environmental conflicts is commonly understood as discrete events (such as a disappearance, rape, or assassination), some studies indicate that complete understanding of violence against environmental defender communities requires a multidimensional approach. [15]
Environmental terrorism consists of one or more unlawful or even hostile actions that harm or destroy environmental resources or deprive others of their use. [1] It is different to environmental vandalism , which is a rather permitted but ethically disputed destruction of environment.
The Environmental Justice Atlas documented 3,100 environmental conflicts worldwide as of April 2020 and emphasised that many more conflicts remained undocumented. [1] Gas flaring and oil spills in the Niger Delta contribute to local conflict. Climate activists blockade British Airports Authority's headquarters for day of action.
In 2003, the Environmental Justice Foundation reported that in at least 11 countries people had been murdered for opposing shrimp farming and its associated environmental impacts. [ 4 ] According to Global Witness , the number of environmental killings worldwide reached 147 in 2012, and the total number of such murders between 2002 and 2013 ...
Map of Warren County from a 1983 United States General Accounting Office report, asterisk denotes PCB landfill site. The controversy dated back to 1978, when a transformer company in Raleigh began to dump industrial waste containing PCBs along rural roads in fifteen North Carolina counties rather than pay for proper disposal.
The term "green criminology" was introduced by Michael J. Lynch in 1990, and expanded upon in Nancy Frank and Michael J. Lynch's 1992 book, Corporate Crime, Corporate Violence, [2] which examined the political economic origins of green crime and injustice, and the scope of environmental law.