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  2. Arithmetic mean - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_mean

    The arithmetic mean of a set of observed data is equal to the sum of the numerical values of each observation, divided by the total number of observations. Symbolically, for a data set consisting of the values x 1 , … , x n {\displaystyle x_{1},\dots ,x_{n}} , the arithmetic mean is defined by the formula:

  3. Average - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average

    The value of R that makes this equation true is 0.2, or 20%. This means that the total return over the 2-year period is the same as if there had been 20% growth each year. The order of the years makes no difference – the average percentage returns of +60% and −10% is the same result as that for −10% and +60%.

  4. Total cost - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_cost

    The long run total cost for a given output will generally be lower than the short run total cost, because the amount of capital can be chosen to be optimal for the amount of output. Other economic models use the total variable cost curve (and therefore total cost curve) to illustrate the concepts of increasing, and later diminishing, marginal ...

  5. Total economic value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Economic_Value

    Total economic value (TEV) is a concept in cost–benefit analysis that refers to the value derived by people from a natural resource, a man-made heritage resource or an infrastructure system, compared to not having it.

  6. Mean - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean

    In some circumstances, mathematicians may calculate a mean of an infinite (or even an uncountable) set of values. This can happen when calculating the mean value of a function (). Intuitively, a mean of a function can be thought of as calculating the area under a section of a curve, and then dividing by the length of that section.

  7. Expected value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value

    Law of total expectation – the expected value of the conditional expected value of X given Y is the same as the expected value of X Median – indicated by m {\displaystyle m} in a drawing above Nonlinear expectation – a generalization of the expected value

  8. Net present value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_present_value

    NPV is determined by calculating the costs (negative cash flows) and benefits (positive cash flows) for each period of an investment. After the cash flow for each period is calculated, the present value (PV) of each one is achieved by discounting its future value (see Formula) at a periodic rate of return (the rate of return dictated by the ...

  9. Present value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_value

    Present value calculations, and similarly future value calculations, are used to value loans, mortgages, annuities, sinking funds, perpetuities, bonds, and more. These calculations are used to make comparisons between cash flows that don’t occur at simultaneous times, [ 1 ] since time and dates must be consistent in order to make comparisons ...