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Although the vast majority of cases of turbulence are harmless, in rare cases cabin crew and passengers on aircraft have been injured when tossed around inside an aircraft cabin during extreme turbulence. In a small number of cases, people have been killed and at least one aircraft disintegrated mid-air.
A diagrammatic representation of a fixed-wing airplane in phugoid. In aviation, a phugoid or fugoid (/ ˈ f juː ɡ ɔɪ d / ⓘ) is an aircraft motion in which the vehicle pitches up and climbs, and then pitches down and descends, accompanied by speeding up and slowing down as it goes "downhill" and "uphill".
An animated illustration of the two motions which combine into a Dutch roll Dutch roll damping technique, scanned from U.S. Air Force flight manual. Dutch roll is an aircraft motion consisting of an out-of-phase combination of "tail-wagging" (yaw) and rocking from side to side (roll).
In a vector diagram such as the wind triangle, wind direction must be stated as the direction the wind is blowing to, or 180 degrees different from the convention. The ground vector represents the motion of the aircraft over the ground. It is described by ground track and ground speed. The ground vector is the resultant of algebraically adding ...
WHAT IS TURBULENCE? Turbulence or pockets of disturbed air can have many causes, most obviously the unstable weather patterns that trigger storms, according to an industry briefing by planemaker ...
Dynamic soaring is a flying technique used to gain energy by repeatedly crossing the boundary between air masses of different velocity.Such zones of wind gradient are generally found close to obstacles and close to the surface, so the technique is mainly of use to birds and operators of radio-controlled gliders, but glider pilots are sometimes able to soar dynamically in meteorological wind ...
The model attempts to predict turbulence by two partial differential equations for two variables, k and ω, with the first variable being the turbulence kinetic energy (k) while the second (ω) is the specific rate of dissipation (of the turbulence kinetic energy k into internal thermal energy). SST (Menter’s Shear Stress Transport)
A diagram showing the velocity distribution of a fluid moving through a circular pipe, for laminar flow (left), time-averaged (center), and turbulent flow, instantaneous depiction (right) Reynolds number and turbulence