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The definition of "fetal death" promulgated by the World Health Organization in 1950 is as follows: "Fetal death" means death prior to the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of human conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy and which is not an induced termination of pregnancy. [63]
Fetal mortality refers to stillbirths or fetal death. [9] It encompasses any death of a fetus after 20 weeks of gestation or 500 gm. In some definitions of the PNM early fetal mortality (week 20–27 gestation) is not included, and the PNM may only include late fetal death and neonatal death.
Maternal death or maternal mortality is defined in slightly different ways by several different health organizations. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines maternal death as the death of a pregnant mother due to complications related to pregnancy, underlying conditions worsened by the pregnancy or management of these conditions.
Stillbirth is defined as fetal loss or death after 20 weeks gestation. Early stillbirth is between 20 and 27 weeks gestation, while late stillbirth is between 28 and 36 weeks gestation. A term stillbirth is when the fetus dies 37 weeks and above. [47]
Spontaneous fetal termination after 20 weeks of gestation is known as a stillbirth. [15] The term miscarriage is sometimes used to refer to all forms of pregnancy loss and pregnancy with abortive outcomes before 20 weeks of gestation. The most common symptom of a miscarriage is vaginal bleeding, with or without pain. [1]
Spalding's sign is a sign used in obstetrics. [1] It is named for Alfred Baker Spalding. [2] [3]It is an indicator of fetal death. [4] When fetal death has occurred loss of alignment and overriding of the bones of cranial vault occur due to shrinkage of cerebrum, [5] abdominal sonar examination may reveal an overriding of the fetal cranial bones. [6]
Prolonged obstructed labour can lead to stillbirth, obstetric fistula, and maternal death. [19] Fetal death can be caused by asphyxia. [1] Obstructed labor is the leading cause of uterine rupture worldwide. [1] Maternal death can result from uterine rupture, complications during caesarean section, or sepsis. [18]
Fetal viability is the ability of a human fetus to survive outside the uterus. Viability depends upon factors such as birth weight , gestational age, and the availability of advanced medical care . In low-income countries , more than 90% of extremely preterm newborns (less than 28 weeks gestational age ) die due to a lack of said medical care ...