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Depending on the type of surgery and anticipated contamination associated with it, combinations of different agents or different routes of administration (e.g. intravenous and oral antibiotics) might be beneficial in reducing perioperative adverse events. [6] [7] For prophylaxis in surgery, only antibiotics with good tolerability should be used.
Methods to decrease surgical site infections in spine surgery include the application of antiseptic skin preparation (a.g. Chlorhexidine gluconate in alcohol which is twice as effective as any other antiseptic for reducing the risk of infection [9]), judicious use of surgical drains, prophylactic antibiotics, and vancomycin. [10]
The World Health Organization (WHO) published the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist in 2008 in order to increase the safety of patients undergoing surgery. [1] The checklist serves to remind the surgical team of important items to be performed before and after the surgical procedure in order to reduce adverse events such as surgical site infections or retained instruments. [1]
An extended course of antibiotics is required in PJIs, usually 6–12 weeks of antibiotic therapy. [2] [4] Intravenous antibiotics are initially used and then transitioned to oral antibiotics. A strategy of surgical debridement to decrease the bacterial load prior to starting systemic antibiotics is sometimes employed. [4]
Prophylactic antibiotics were regularly administered to patients with certain heart conditions as a precaution, although this practice has changed in the US, with new American Heart Association guidelines released in 2007, [35] and in the UK as of March 2008 due to new NICE guidelines.
Once cultures are available, antibiotics can be changed to target the specific organism. [11] [13] After a good response to intravenous antibiotics, people can be switched to oral antibiotics. The duration of oral antibiotics varies, but is generally for 1–4 weeks depending on the offending organism.
The following is a list of antibiotics. The highest division between antibiotics is bactericidal and bacteriostatic. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly, whereas ...
Antibiotics are administered to patients with certain heart conditions as a precaution, although this practice has changed in the US, with new American Heart Association guidelines released in 2007, [1] and in the UK as of August 2018 due to new SDCEP advice in line with the NICE guidelines. Everyday tooth brushing and flossing will similarly ...