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In Christian theology, baptism of desire (Latin: baptismus flaminis, lit. 'baptism of the breath', due to the belief that the Holy Spirit is the breath of God [1]), also called baptism by desire, is a doctrine according to which a person is able to attain the grace of justification through faith, perfect contrition and the desire for baptism, without the water baptism having been received.
In Christian theology, baptism of blood (Latin: baptismus sanguinis [1] [2]) or baptism by blood, also called martyred baptism, [3] is a doctrine which holds that a Christian is able to attain through martyrdom the grace of justification normally attained through baptism by water, without needing to receive baptism by water.
Because Feeneyism denies that non-Catholics can go to heaven, and because it opposes the doctrines of baptism of desire and baptism of blood, Feeneyism is considered a heresy by the Catholic Church. [1] [2] [3] In 1949, the Supreme Congregation of the Holy Office produced a document to correct the errors of Feeney's interpretation. The document ...
One of the earliest of the Church Fathers to enunciate clearly and unambiguously the doctrine of baptismal regeneration ("the idea that salvation happens at and by water baptism duly administered") was Cyprian (c. 200 – 258): "While he attributed all the saving energy to the grace of God, he considered the 'laver of saving water' the instrument of God that makes a person 'born again ...
This Baptism of blood, like the desire for Baptism, brings about the fruits of Baptism without being a sacrament. — 1258. For catechumens who die before their Baptism, their explicit desire to receive it, together with repentance for their sins, and charity, assures them the salvation that they were not able to receive through the sacrament ...
He took the position that baptism of blood and baptism of desire are unavailing and that therefore no non-Catholics will be saved. [1] Those positions are called, after him, Feeneyism . Fighting against what he perceived to be the liberalization of Catholic doctrine , he was excommunicated by the Holy See .
It recalls that, apart from the sacrament, baptism of blood (as in the case of Christian martyrs) and in the case of catechumens who die before receiving the sacrament, explicit desire for baptism, together with Catholic faith, repentance for their sins (specifically perfect contrition, in the case of catechumens) and charity, ensures salvation.
In this way, she can be considered to have undergone a baptism of desire, or a baptism of blood, according to the tenets of the Catholic Church. [1]