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Vacuum permittivity, commonly denoted ε 0 (pronounced "epsilon nought" or "epsilon zero"), is the value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum.It may also be referred to as the permittivity of free space, the electric constant, or the distributed capacitance of the vacuum.
μ 0 ≈ 12.566 × 10 −7 H/m is the magnetic constant, also known as the permeability of free space, ε 0 ≈ 8.854 × 10 −12 F/m is the electric constant, also known as the permittivity of free space, c is the speed of light in free space, [9] [10] The reciprocal of Z 0 is sometimes referred to as the admittance of free space and ...
The permeability of vacuum (also known as permeability of free space) is a physical constant, denoted μ 0. The SI units of μ are volt-seconds per ampere-meter, equivalently henry per meter. Typically μ would be a scalar, but for an anisotropic material, μ could be a second rank tensor.
The linear permittivity of a homogeneous material is usually given relative to that of free space, as a relative permittivity ε r (also called dielectric constant, although this term is deprecated and sometimes only refers to the static, zero-frequency relative permittivity).
In the International System of Quantities (ISQ), the speed of light in vacuum, c, [15] is related to the magnetic constant and the electric constant (vacuum permittivity), ε 0, by the equation: =. This relation can be derived using Maxwell's equations of classical electromagnetism in the medium of classical vacuum .
For materials without polarization and magnetization, the constitutive relations are (by definition) [9]: 2 =, =, where ε 0 is the permittivity of free space and μ 0 the permeability of free space. Since there is no bound charge, the total and the free charge and current are equal.
where is the elementary charge, is the electron mass, is the speed of light, and is the permittivity of free space. [1] This numerical value is several times larger than the radius of the proton . In cgs units , the permittivity factor and 1 4 π {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{4\pi }}} do not enter, but the classical electron radius has the same value.
The Pauthenier equation states [1] [2] that the maximum charge accumulated by a particle modelled by a small sphere passing through an electric field is given by: = where is the permittivity of free space, is the radius of the sphere, is the electric field strength, and is a material dependent constant.