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The force is negative, indicating that the force is attractive: by moving the two plates closer together, the energy is lowered. The presence of ħ shows that the Casimir force per unit area F c / A is very small, and that furthermore, the force is inherently of quantum-mechanical origin.
The potential is monotonically increasing in r and it is negative, implying the force is attractive. In the SI system, the unit of the Yukawa potential is the inverse meter . The Coulomb potential of electromagnetism is an example of a Yukawa potential with the e − α m r {\displaystyle e^{-\alpha mr}} factor equal to 1, everywhere.
According to the theory of the Dirac sea, developed by Paul Dirac in 1930, the vacuum of space is full of negative energy. This theory was developed to explain the anomaly of negative-energy quantum states predicted by the Dirac equation. A year later, after work by Weyl, the negative energy concept was abandoned and replaced by a theory of ...
Force (as multiples of 10 000 N) between two nucleons as a function of distance as computed from the Reid potential (1968). [1] The spins of the neutron and proton are aligned, and they are in the S angular momentum state. The attractive (negative) force has a maximum at a distance of about 1 fm with a force of about 25 000 N. Particles much ...
A positive value of U is due to a repulsive force, so interacting particles are at higher energy levels as they get closer. A negative potential energy indicates a bound state (due to an attractive force). The Coulomb barrier increases with the atomic numbers (i.e. the number of protons) of the colliding nuclei:
A field in physics may be envisioned as if space were filled with interconnected vibrating balls and springs, and the strength of the field is like the displacement of a ball from its rest position. The theory requires "vibrations" in, or more accurately changes in the strength of, such a field to propagate as per the appropriate wave equation ...
The force may be either attractive or repulsive. The problem is to find the position or speed of the two bodies over time given their masses , positions , and velocities . Using classical mechanics, the solution can be expressed as a Kepler orbit using six orbital elements .
The spatial symmetry of the problem is responsible for canceling the quadratic term of the expansion. All that is left is the constant term −1/12, and the negative sign of this result reflects the fact that the Casimir force is attractive. [20]