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[68] [69] Dogs which display coprophagy, the consumption of feces, and also live in a household with a dog receiving levothyroxine treatment, may develop hyperthyroidism if they frequently eat the feces from the dog receiving levothyroxine treatment. [70] Hyperthyroidism may occur if a dog eats an excessive amount of thyroid gland tissue.
Thyroid cancer* is rare and usually nonproductive in dogs (unlike in cats, in which it causes hyperthyroidism). One-third of thyroid tumors are small benign adenomas; the rest are malignant carcinomas, usually large and invasive. [165] Gastrointestinal cancer* is uncommon in dogs. The most common type is lymphoma.
Both NTIS and primary hypothyroidism may have reduced fT3 and fT4, and elevated TSH (which is common in the hospital, during the recovery phase of NTIS). [2] Prescribing thyroxine to treat this may lead to lifelong thyroid overtreatment. [2] Hyperthyroidism may be assumed due to decreased TSH and a transient fT4 increase.
Thyrotoxicosis is when an abnormally high amount of circulating thyroid-hormone is present, in this instance it does not refer to hyperthyroidism but instead excessive levels due to administration of thyroid-hormone treatment. Thyrotoxicosis is a rare side effect in dogs receiving levothyroxine treatment due to the half-life and poor absorption.
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The drawback to this treatment is the thyroid gland is completely destroyed and patients often develop hypothyroidism. Some do so only a few months after treatment while others may not be affected for 20–30 years. Hypothyroidism patients must begin a lifelong regimen of thyroid replacement hormones.