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Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of coronary ischemia. [7] Coronary ischemia and coronary artery disease are contributors to the development of heart failure over time. [ 10 ] Diagnosis of coronary ischemia is achieved by an attaining a medical history and physical examination in addition to other tests such as ...
The first investigation when CAD is suspected is an electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG), both for stable angina and acute coronary syndrome. An X-ray of the chest, blood tests and resting echocardiography may be performed. [73] [74] For stable symptomatic patients, several non-invasive tests can diagnose CAD depending on pre-assessment of the risk profile.
In patients with UA/NSTEMI, the TIMI risk score is a prognostication scheme that categorizes a patient's risk of death and ischemic events and provides a basis for therapeutic decision making. [1] TIMI Score Calculation (1 point for each): Age ≥ 65 years; Known coronary artery disease (CAD) (stenosis ≥ 50%) ≥ 3 risk factors for CAD*
In the absence of an ST elevation, a non-ST elevation MI, known as an NSTEMI, or an unstable angina may be presumed (both of these are indistinguishable on initial evaluation of symptoms). ST elevations indicate a completely blocked artery needing immediate reperfusion. In NSTEMI the blood flow is present but limited by stenosis.
People who have a normal ECG and who are able to exercise, for example, do not merit routine imaging. [13] Imaging tests such as stress radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging or stress echocardiography can confirm a diagnosis when a person's history, physical exam, ECG and cardiac biomarkers suggest the likelihood of a problem.
normal spontaneous delivery (see childbirth) NSE: neurospecific enolase: NSIP: Non-specific interstitial pneumonia: NSR: normal sinus rhythm: NST: non-stress test (see cardiotocograph) NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: NSU: nonspecific urethritis: NSVD: normal spontaneous vaginal delivery NT: not tested nontender nuchal ...
Ischemic cardiomyopathy is a type of cardiomyopathy caused by a narrowing of the coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart. [4] Typically, patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy have a history of acute myocardial infarction, [5] however, it may occur in patients with coronary artery disease, but without a past history of acute myocardial infarction.
Cardiac markers are used for the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with chest pain and suspected acute coronary syndrome and for management and prognosis in patients with diseases like acute heart failure. Most of the early markers identified were enzymes, and as a result, the term "cardiac enzymes" is sometimes used. However, not ...