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An alpine tree line is the highest elevation that sustains trees; higher up it is too cold, or the snow cover lasts for too much of the year, to sustain trees. [2]: 151 The climate above the tree line of mountains is called an alpine climate, [14]: 21 and the habitat can be described as the alpine zone. [15]
The precise elevation of tree line within a given subalpine region has likely fluctuated up- and downslope throughout the history of the Sierra. However, some climatic changes occurring currently in subalpine appear to be unprecedented.
The elevation of treeline rises steadily at the rate of 330 feet (100 m) per degree of latitude from the northern to the southern Rocky Mountains. Dominant treeline species, including spruces, firs, and white pines, often have a shrublike form in response to the extreme conditions at the elevational limits of their physiological tolerance; such ...
The most decisive biogeographic and climatic boundary along elevation gradients is the climatic high-elevation treeline. The treeline separates the montane from the alpine zone and marks the potential for tree growth, irrespective of whether trees are present or not. [24]
The lowest-elevation biotic zone in the Sierra Nevada is found along the boundary with the Central Valley. [5] This zone, stretching in elevation from 500 to 3,500 feet (150 to 1,070 m), is the foothill woodland zone, an area that is hot and dry in the summer with very little or no snow in the winter. [5]
High-elevation wines “High-altitude vineyards and low-altitude vineyards…produce wines with distinctly different characteristics, shaped by their unique terroir,” says winemaker Jamie Kutch.
The lowest altitude of alpine climate varies dramatically by latitude. If alpine climate is defined by the tree line, then it occurs as low as 650 metres (2,130 ft) at 68°N in Sweden, [14] while on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, the tree line is at 3,950 metres (12,960 ft). [14]
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