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Detailed discussion of these topics may be found on their main pages. These characterizations were made in the context of educating the public about questionable or potentially fraudulent or dangerous claims and practices, efforts to define the nature of science, or humorous parodies of poor scientific reasoning.
He argued that the only way to verify a claim such as "All swans are white" would be if one could theoretically observe all swans, [D] which is not possible. On the other hand, the falsifiability requirement for an anomalous instance, such as the observation of a single black swan, is theoretically reasonable and sufficient to logically falsify ...
Presentation of data that seems to support claims while suppressing or refusing to consider data that conflict with those claims. [58] This is an example of selection bias or cherry picking, a distortion of evidence or data that arises from the way that the data are collected. It is sometimes referred to as the selection effect.
Morgan's Canon – Law of parsimony in comparative (animal) psychology; Morton's fork – False dilemma in which contradictory observations lead to the same conclusion; Russell's teapot – Analogy formulated by Bertrand Russell to illustrate that the burden of proof lies upon a person making empirically unfalsifiable claims
The description of the fallacy in this form is attributed to British philosopher Antony Flew, who wrote, in his 1966 book God & Philosophy, . In this ungracious move a brash generalization, such as No Scotsmen put sugar on their porridge, when faced with falsifying facts, is transformed while you wait into an impotent tautology: if ostensible Scotsmen put sugar on their porridge, then this is ...
For example, riding the bus is a sufficient mode of transportation to get to work. But there are other modes of transportation – car, taxi, bicycle, walking – that can be used. Modal scope fallacy – a degree of unwarranted necessity is placed in the conclusion.
Chad Forbes, a professor of psychology at Florida Atlantic University, agreed. He told Yahoo News: “Excluding gender and sexuality-oriented topics from the study of developmental and social ...
For example, predicting terrorism on any day of the year, or particularly around national holidays, anniversaries (or similar events), or religious festivals. Unfalsifiable The prediction makes a claim that is impossible to verify or falsify. For example, a belief arose amongst a few in 2003 that a Planet X would pass the Earth in May of that ...