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In catabolism, fatty acids are metabolized to produce energy, mainly in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). When compared to other macronutrient classes (carbohydrates and protein), fatty acids yield the most ATP on an energy per gram basis, when they are completely oxidized to CO 2 and water by beta oxidation and the citric acid cycle. [2]
This means that fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid catabolism cannot occur simultaneously in any given cell. A diagrammatic illustration of the process of the beta-oxidation of an acyl-CoA molecule in the mitochondrial matrix. During this process an acyl-CoA molecule which is 2 carbons shorter than it was at the beginning of the process is formed.
[15] Breakdown of fatty acids by beta oxidation. In the cytosol of the cell (for example a muscle cell), the glycerol will be converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which is an intermediate in the glycolysis, to get further oxidized and produce energy. However, the main steps of fatty acids catabolism occur in the mitochondria. [16]
Catabolism breaks down large molecules (such as polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins) into smaller units (such as monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids, respectively). Catabolism is the breaking-down aspect of metabolism, whereas anabolism is the building-up aspect.
The term fatty acid oxidation disorder (FAOD) is sometimes used, especially when there is an emphasis on the oxidation of the fatty acid. [3] In addition to the fetal complications, they can also cause complications for the mother during pregnancy. [4] Examples include: Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (MTPD) [3] MCADD, LCHADD ...
Metabolism (/ m ə ˈ t æ b ə l ɪ z ə m /, from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.The three main functions of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cellular processes; the conversion of food to building blocks of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates; and the ...
In mammals, this metabolic pathway is important in beta oxidation of fatty acids and catabolism of amino acids and choline, as it accepts electrons from multiple acetyl-CoA dehydrogenases. [32] [33] In plants, ETF-Q oxidoreductase is also important in the metabolic responses that allow survival in extended periods of darkness. [34]
Oxidation by FAD; Hydration; Oxidation by NAD + Thiolysis; Production of acyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA; The final product of β-oxidation of an even-numbered fatty acid is acetyl-CoA, the entry molecule for the citric acid cycle. [3] If the fatty acid is an odd-numbered chain, the final product of β-oxidation will be propionyl-CoA.