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As electron kinetic energy and undulator parameters can be adapted as desired, free-electron lasers are tunable and can be built for a wider frequency range than any other type of laser, [3] currently ranging in wavelength from microwaves, through terahertz radiation and infrared, to the visible spectrum, ultraviolet, and X-ray.
Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) is a form of X-ray crystallography developed for use at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). [1] [2] [3] Single pulses at free-electron lasers are bright enough to generate resolvable Bragg diffraction from sub-micron crystals. However, these pulses also destroy the crystals, meaning that a full data set ...
The 3.4-kilometre (2.1 mi) long tunnel for the European XFEL housing the superconducting linear accelerator and photon beamlines runs 6 to 38 m (20 to 125 ft) underground from the site of the DESY research center in Hamburg to the town of Schenefeld in Schleswig-Holstein, where the experimental stations, laboratories and administrative buildings are located.
This article describes the x-ray lasers in plasmas, only. The plasma x-ray lasers rely on stimulated emission to generate or amplify coherent, directional, high-brightness electromagnetic radiation in the near X-ray or extreme ultraviolet region of the spectrum, that is, usually from ~3 nanometers to several tens of nanometers (nm) wavelength.
These facilities operate in the soft to hard x-ray range (100eV—100keV) with extremely high brilliance (in the order of 10 21 —10 22 photons/s/mm 2 /mrad 2 /0.1%BW) Together with X-ray free-electron lasers, they constitute the fourth generation of light sources, [1] characterized by a relatively high coherent flux (in the order of 10 14 ...
Free Electron Laser for Infrared eXperiments (FELIX) Radboud University, Nijmegen: Netherlands: 0.015–0.060: 1991: Dubna Electron Synchrotron (DELSY) JINR, Dubna: Russia: Siberian Synchrotron Radiation Centre (SSRC) Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk: Russia: 2 - 6 [2] 366 [3] 1973 [2] Technical Storage Ring Complex (TNK)
The SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free electron LAser, referred to as SACLA (pronounced さくら (Sa-Ku-Ra)), is an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) in Harima Science Garden City, Japan, embedded in the SPring-8 accelerator and synchrotron complex. [1] [2] When it first came into operation 2011, it was the second XFEL in the world and the first in ...
[3] [4] In addition to the accelerator, the laboratory has housed and continues to house a free-electron laser (FEL) instrument. The construction of the FEL started June 11, 1996. It achieved first light on June 17, 1998. Since then, the FEL has been upgraded numerous times, increasing its power and capabilities substantially.