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Coffea canephora (especially C. canephora var. robusta, so predominantly cultivated that it is often simply termed Coffea robusta, or commonly robusta coffee) is a species of coffee plant that has its origins in central and western sub-Saharan Africa.
Unroasted coffee beans of the Robusta variety (Coffea canephora) Vietnam is the world's largest Robusta producer, with Robusta accounting for 97% of Vietnam's coffee output. [12] While not separate varieties of bean, unusual and very expensive robustas are the Indonesian kopi luwak and the Philippine Kapéng Alamid and Kahawa Kubing. [13]
The fruit is often referred to as a "coffee cherry", and it contains two seeds, called "coffee beans". [9] Despite these terms, coffee is neither a true cherry (the fruit of certain species in the genus Prunus) nor a true bean (seeds from plants in the family Fabaceae). In any coffee crop, about 5–10% of fruits contain only a single bean.
Arabica beans have a higher content of lipids (13.5–17.4 g lipids/100 g dried green coffee beans) than robustas (9.8–10.7 g lipids/100 g dried green coffee beans). The content of diterpenes is about 20% of the lipid fraction. The diterpenes found in green coffee include cafestol, kahweol and 16-O-methylcafestol.
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Robusta strains also contain about 40–50% more caffeine than arabica. [56] Consequently, this species is used as an inexpensive substitute for arabica in many commercial coffee blends. Good quality robusta beans are used in traditional Italian espresso blends to provide a full-bodied taste and a better foam head (known as crema).
During colonial Singapore, the Chinese partook in exchanges with Arab traders who carried with them Indonesian Robusta beans, and these beans grew better in Singapore's conditions as opposed to Arabica beans. [12] The common type of Robusta beans used in Singapore is the Indonesia EK-1 species. [4] In 21st-century Singapore, Robusta beans ...
Along the Gulf Coast, Mexican fan palms can be found growing along the Florida west coast westward to South Texas. Washingtonia × filibusta is a hybrid of W. robusta and W. filifera, and has intermediate characteristics of the two parents, especially greater tolerance of wet cold. [11]