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Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface. It is a non-intrusive method of surveying the sub-surface to investigate underground utilities such as concrete, asphalt, metals, pipes, cables or masonry. [ 1 ]
However, most radar systems use high-frequency microwave radiation, which have difficulty penetrating grass and other foliage. In contrast, the SIRE radar can penetrate foliage, various media, and even the ground to detect hidden or buried IEDs due to its use of low-frequency microwave radiation. [1] [2]
Portable magnetic-loop cave radios have been used by cavers for two-way communication and cave surveying since the 1960s. [1] In a typical setup the transmitting loop, consisting of many turns of copper wire, is oriented horizontally within the cave using a spirit level, and driven at a few kHz.
The Radar Imager for Mars' subsurface experiment (RIMFAX) is a ground-penetrating radar on NASA's Perseverance rover, part of the Mars 2020 mission. It uses radar waves to see geologic features under the surface. The device can make detections dozens of meters/yards underneath ground, such as for buried sand dunes or lava feature. [1]
Radar is a system that uses radio waves to determine the distance , direction (azimuth and elevation angles), and radial velocity of objects relative to the site. It is a radiodetermination method [1] used to detect and track aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, map weather formations, and terrain.
In surveys of a potential archaeological site, features cut into the ground (such as ditches, pits and postholes) may be detected, even after filled in, by electrical resistivity and magnetic methods. The infill may also be detectable using ground-penetrating radar. Foundations and walls may also have a magnetic or electrical signature.
The types of geophysical imaging used include: diffusive electromagnetic, geoelectric, seismic tomography, and ground-penetrating radar. In fact, the first use of ground-penetrating radar was to determine a glacier's depth in 1929. [3] Two dimensional geophysical imaging techniques have recently allowed for 2D imaging of mountain permafrost. [6]
The first significant application of this technology was in ground-penetrating radar (GPR). Developed in the 1970s, GPR is now used for structural foundation analysis, archeological mapping, treasure hunting, unexploded ordnance identification, and other shallow investigations.