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In cell biology, there are a multitude of signalling pathways. Cell signalling is part of the molecular biology system that controls and coordinates the actions of cells.. Akt/PKB signalling pathway
The basic unit of the Reactome database is a reaction; reactions are then grouped into causal chains to form pathways [115] The Reactome data model allows us to represent many diverse processes in the human system, including the pathways of intermediary metabolism, regulatory pathways, and signal transduction, and high-level processes, such as ...
[34] [35] D-motifs can even be found in certain MAPK pathway regulators and scaffolds (e.g. in the mammalian JIP proteins). [citation needed] Other, less well characterised substrate-binding sites also exist. One such site (the DEF site) is formed by the activation loop (when in the active conformation) and the MAP kinase-specific insert below it.
All pathways have an open license and can be freely used. Reactome is a free and manually curated online database of biological pathways. NCI-Nature Pathway Interaction Database is a free biomedical database of human cellular signaling pathways (new official name: NCI Nature Pathway Interaction Database: Pathway, synonym: PID).
MAPK/ERK pathway: A pathway that couples intracellular responses to the binding of growth factors to cell surface receptors. This pathway is very complex and includes many protein components. [53] In many cell types, activation of this pathway promotes cell division, and many forms of cancer are associated with aberrations in it. [54]
Fig. 1: Activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by autophosphorylation. Adapted from Pecorino (2008) [1] Fig. 2: Regulation of Src-kinase by autophosphorylation. Adapted from Frame (2002) [2] Autophosphorylation is a type of post-translational modification of proteins.
Substrate presentation; A substrate (purple rectangle) is shown sequestered into a lipid domain (green lipids). The substrate's translocation to the disordered region (grey lipids) presents it to its enzyme (blue oval) where it is hydrolyzed. In molecular biology, substrate presentation is a biological process that activates a protein.
G protein activation causes a conformational change, which leads to the exchange of GDP for GTP. GTP-binding to the α-subunit causes dissociation of the β- and γ-subunits. [10] Furthermore, the three subunits, α, β, and γ have additional four main classes based on their primary sequence. These include G s, G i, G q and G 12. [11]