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2 × 10 12 (2 trillion) years. 2 × 10 12 (2 trillion) years from now, all galaxies outside the Local Supercluster will be redshifted to such an extent that even gamma rays they emit will have wavelengths longer than the size of the observable universe of the time. Therefore, these galaxies will no longer be detectable in any way. [4]
This suggests that the universe began very dense about 13.787 billion years ago, and it has expanded and (on average) become less dense ever since. [1] Confirmation of the Big Bang mostly depends on knowing the rate of expansion, average density of matter, and the physical properties of the mass–energy in the universe.
Some large black holes in the universe are predicted to continue to grow up to perhaps 10 14 M ☉ during the collapse of superclusters of galaxies. Even these would evaporate over a timescale of up to 10 106 years. [17] After that time, the universe enters the so-called Dark Era and is expected to consist chiefly of a dilute gas of photons and ...
In the far future long after star formation has ceased the universe will be populated by sparse degenerate remnants, mostly white dwarfs, though their ultimate fate is an open question. A time ...
[1] [2] [3] Nonetheless, some physicists have proposed that a "Big Crunch-style" event could result from a dark energy fluctuation. [4] The hypothesis dates back to 1922, with Russian physicist Alexander Friedmann creating a set of equations showing that the end of the universe depends on its density. It could either expand or contract rather ...
In physical cosmology, the Big Rip is a hypothetical cosmological model concerning the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the matter of the universe, from stars and galaxies to atoms and subatomic particles, and even spacetime itself, is progressively torn apart by the expansion of the universe at a certain time in the future, until distances between particles will infinitely increase.
The estimated time until the end of the universe in a Big Rip, assuming a model of dark energy with w = −1.5. [122] [123] If the density of dark energy is less than −1, then the universe's expansion will continue to accelerate and the observable universe will grow ever sparser.
At the end of this epoch, the spherical volume of space which will become the observable universe is about 300 light-years in radius, baryonic matter density is on the order of 4 grams per m 3 (about 0.3% of sea level air density)—however, most energy at this time is in electromagnetic radiation.