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Early in the 1950s scientists discovered that vehicle emissions were a significant factor that had been causing the air quality to deteriorate. [7] This led to the introduction of vehicle emissions standards in California in 1966, furthermore due to the seriousness of the problem, in 1970 the Clean Air Act was introduced in order to regulate these standards all over the United States. [7]
According to Müller, the 1.2 and 2.0-litre models may be updated by software, whereas the around 3 million 1.6-litre require various hardware solutions, and some cars may even be replaced. The cars are so diverse that many different solutions are required. [355] Over one quarter of Volkswagen's sales in the US are diesel-powered vehicles.
Following the 1950s and 1960s — the unregulated decades when the U.S. automotive industry could prioritize unrestrained horsepower, [2] size and styling — the Malaise Era arose after the Clean Air Act of 1963 began to codify a legislative response to serious national car-generated air quality concerns, and Ralph Nader's 1965 Unsafe at Any Speed galvanized attention on U.S. automotive ...
Driving.co.uk ranked it #14 on their list of the 23 ugliest cars ever made, [136] Auto Express ranked it #5 on their list of the ten ugliest cars ever made, [137] and Drive.com.au included in their article on the worst cars of the 20th century, calling it "one of the silliest-looking cars of the century".
Since January 1, 2013, the OBD2 testing has led to an average of 10% failure rate. [26] On 1 April 2017, the $30 fee for a drive clean test was eliminated, however if failed the first time, $17.50 will be paid for subsequent tests. Vehicles manufactured before 1988 are exempt from the test. [27]
NO x is a precursor to smog and acid rain. NO x includes NO and NO 2. [1] NO 2 is extremely reactive. NO x production is increased when an engine runs at its most efficient (i.e. hottest) operating point, so there tends to be a natural tradeoff between efficiency and control of NO x emissions. It is expected to be reduced drastically by use of ...
[1] [7] In 1967, several years after its introduction into production, the PCV system became the subject of a U.S. federal grand jury investigation, when it was alleged by some industry critics that the Automobile Manufacturers Association (AMA) was conspiring to keep several such smog reduction devices on the shelf to delay additional smog ...
Within the Tier II ranking, there is a subranking ranging from BIN 1–10, with 1 being the cleanest (Zero Emission vehicle) and 10 being the dirtiest. The former Tier 1 standards that were effective from 1994 until 2003 were different between automobiles and light trucks ( SUVs , pickup trucks , and minivans ), but Tier II standards are the ...