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Zhang became the first Celestial Master, and began to spread his newly founded movement throughout the province of Sichuan. [1] The movement was initially called the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice, because each person wishing to join was required to donate five pecks of rice (actually five dǒu, equal to 13.6 US gallons or 5.9 pecks). [2]
[5] [6] In particular, many Taoist practices drew from the Warring-States-era phenomena of the Wu (shaman) (connected to the "shamanism" of Southern China) and the Fangshi (which probably derived from the "archivist-soothsayers of antiquity, one of whom supposedly was Laozi himself"), even though later Taoists insisted that this was not the ...
Taoism believes in a "pervasive spirit world that is both interlocked with and separate from the world of humans." [ 182 ] The cultivation of innate nature is often associated with the practice of stillness (jinggong) or quiet meditation, while the cultivation of life-destiny generally revolves around movement based practices (dongong) like ...
Three Treasures ― basic virtues in Taoism, including variations of "compassion", "frugality", and "humility". Arthur Waley described these Three Treasures as, "The three rules that formed the practical, political side of the author's teaching (1) abstention from aggressive war and capital punishment, (2) absolute simplicity of living, (3) refusal to assert active authority."
The Celestial Masters were the first group of organized Daoists. [1] Before their foundation, Daoism did not exist as an organized religion. [1] Being the first organized religious Daoists, the Celestial Masters are the ancestors of subsequent Daoist movements such as the Shangqing and Lingbao movements.
The Yangsheng yaoji is important in the history of yangsheng techniques for three reasons: it cites from several earlier works that would have otherwise been lost, it presents a standard textbook model for many later works, and it is the earliest known text to systematize and classify the various longevity practices into one integrated system. [52]
Bagua diagram from Zhao Huiqian's (趙撝謙) Liushu benyi (六書本義, c. 1370s).. The Daodejing (also known as the Laozi after its purported author, terminus ante quem 3rd-century BCE) has traditionally been seen as the central and founding Taoist text, though historically, it is only one of the many different influences on Taoist thought, and at times, a marginal one at that. [12]
Zhang Ling [a] (traditional Chinese: 張陵; simplified Chinese: 张陵; pinyin: Zhāng Líng; Wade–Giles: Chang Ling; traditionally 22 February 34–10 October 156 [1]), courtesy name Fuhan (traditional Chinese: 輔漢; simplified Chinese: 辅汉), was a Chinese religious leader who lived during the Eastern Han dynasty credited with founding the Way of the Celestial Masters sect of Taoism ...