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Backward induction is the process of determining a sequence of optimal choices by reasoning from the endpoint of a problem or situation back to its beginning using individual events or actions. [1] Backward induction involves examining the final point in a series of decisions and identifying the optimal process or action required to arrive at ...
An example of backward chaining. If X croaks and X eats flies – Then X is a frog; If X chirps and X sings – Then X is a canary; If X is a frog – Then X is green; If X is a canary – Then X is yellow; With backward reasoning, an inference engine can determine whether Fritz is green in four steps.
The worked-example effect is a learning effect predicted by cognitive load theory. [1] [full citation needed] Specifically, it refers to improved learning observed when worked examples are used as part of instruction, compared to other instructional techniques such as problem-solving [2] [page needed] and discovery learning.
The former is an example of simple problem solving (SPS) addressing one issue, whereas the latter is complex problem solving (CPS) with multiple interrelated obstacles. [1] Another classification of problem-solving tasks is into well-defined problems with specific obstacles and goals, and ill-defined problems in which the current situation is ...
Problem-based learning (PBL) is a teaching method in which students learn about a subject through the experience of solving an open-ended problem found in trigger material. The PBL process does not focus on problem solving with a defined solution, but it allows for the development of other desirable skills and attributes.
Overlapping sub-problems means that the space of sub-problems must be small, that is, any recursive algorithm solving the problem should solve the same sub-problems over and over, rather than generating new sub-problems. For example, consider the recursive formulation for generating the Fibonacci sequence: F i = F i−1 + F i−2, with base ...
The post 26 Palindrome Examples: Words and Phrases That Are the Same Backwards and Forwards appeared first on Reader's Digest. Palindrome words are spelled the same backward and forward.
The Tupolev Tu-4, a Soviet bomber built by reverse engineering captured Boeing B-29 Superfortresses. Reverse engineering (also known as backwards engineering or back engineering) is a process or method through which one attempts to understand through deductive reasoning how a previously made device, process, system, or piece of software accomplishes a task with very little (if any) insight ...