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Atomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter–matter and light–matter interactions, at the scale of one or a few atoms [1] and energy scales around several electron volts. [2]: 1356 [3] The three areas are closely interrelated. AMO theory includes classical, semi-classical and quantum treatments.
Euler is widely recognized as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time, and more likely than not the most prolific contributor to mathematics and science. [11] Mathematician and physicist John von Neumann called Euler "the greatest virtuoso of the period". [129]
Mathematicians involved with solving problems with applications in real life are called applied mathematicians. Applied mathematicians are mathematical scientists who, with their specialized knowledge and professional methodology, approach many of the imposing problems presented in related scientific fields.
[13] [14] Investigating optics – specifically light refraction – Hooke inferred a wave theory of light. [15] His is the first-recorded hypothesis of the cause of the expansion of matter by heat, [16] of air's composition by small particles in constant motion that thus generate its pressure, [17] and of heat as energy. [18]
Alfred North Whitehead OM FRS FBA (15 February 1861 – 30 December 1947) was an English mathematician and philosopher.He created the philosophical school known as process philosophy, [2] which has been applied in a wide variety of disciplines, including ecology, theology, education, physics, biology, economics, and psychology.
Poincaré was considered the dominant figure in mathematics and theoretical physics during his time, and was the most respected mathematician of his time, being described as "the living brain of the rational sciences" by mathematician Paul Painlevé. [16]
Such light is called squeezed light. Other important quantum aspects are related to correlations of photon statistics between different beams. For example, spontaneous parametric down-conversion can generate so-called 'twin beams', where (ideally) each photon of one beam is associated with a photon in the other beam.
A major contribution to the formulation of Analytical Dynamics called Hamiltonian dynamics was also made by the Irish physicist, astronomer and mathematician, William Rowan Hamilton (1805–1865). Hamiltonian dynamics had played an important role in the formulation of modern theories in physics, including field theory and quantum mechanics.