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Laryngeal cancer may spread by: direct extension to adjacent structures, metastasis to regional cervical lymph nodes, or via the blood stream. The most common site of distant metastases is the lung. Laryngeal cancer occurred in 177,000 people in 2018, and resulted in 94,800 deaths (an increase from 76,000 deaths in 1990).
Usually, the goal is to remove the cancerous cells entirely. This can be particularly tricky if the cancer is near the larynx and can result in the person being unable to speak. Surgery is also commonly used to resect (remove) some or all of the cervical lymph nodes to prevent further spread of the disease.
Hypopharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant cells grow in the hypopharynx (also known as the laryngopharynx) the area where the larynx and esophagus meet. [ 1 ] It first forms in the outer layer ( epithelium ) of the hypopharynx (last part of the pharynx), which is split into three areas.
A common symptom of laryngeal papillomatosis is a change in voice quality. More specifically, hoarseness is observed. [4] [5] As a consequence of the narrowing of the laryngeal or tracheal parts of the airway, shortness of breath, chronic cough and stridor (i.e. noisy breathing which can sound like a whistle or a snore), can be present.
The predictive value and prevalence of lymphovascular invasion is strongly dependent on the type of cancer. In other words, LVI in one type of cancer may be much less important than LVI in another type of cancer. Generally speaking, it is associated with lymph node metastases [2] [3] which themselves are predictive of a poorer prognosis. [4]
And remaining cancer cells post surgery are treated with chemoradiation. [citation needed] • Stage III and IVA: In this stage the cancer cells metastasize into the local tissues and cervical lymph nodes. The treatment used in these cases is chemo radiation. Any remaining cancer cells post chemoradiation are surgically removed.
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