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IGF-1 is produced throughout life; the highest rates of IGF-1 production occur during the pubertal growth spurt. [12] The lowest levels occur in infancy and old age. [13] [14] Low IGF-1 levels are associated with cardiovascular disease, while high IGF-1 levels are associated with cancer. Mid-range IGF-1 levels are associated with the lowest ...
It is a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the human insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor with potential antineoplastic activity. Cixutumumab selectively binds to membrane-bound IGF-1R, thereby preventing the binding of the ligand IGF-1 and subsequent activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Downregulation of the PI3K/AKT ...
Other studies are beginning to uncover the important role the IGFs play in diseases such as cancer and diabetes, showing for instance that IGF-1 stimulates growth of both prostate and breast cancer cells. Researchers are not in complete agreement about the degree of cancer risk that IGF-1 poses. [16]
Evidence suggests that IGF-IR signaling is required for survival and growth when prostate cancer cells progress to androgen independence. [18] In addition, when immortalized prostate cancer cells mimicking advanced disease are treated with the IGF-1R ligand, IGF-1, the cells become more motile. [19]
The PI3K pathway is a major source of drug resistance in prostate cancer. This is particularly true in castration-resistant prostate cancer, where tumours become resistant to androgen-deprivation therapy , which block the tumours ability to utilise the hormone androgen to grow. [ 17 ]
cancer Ganitumab: mab: human: IGF-1 receptor (CD221) cancer Gantenerumab [43] mab: human: β-amyloid (1-40 and 1-42) Alzheimer's disease: Garadacimab [35] mab: human: Coagulation factor XIIa: hereditary angioedema: Gatipotuzumab [28] mab: humanized: MUC1: cancer Gavilimomab [68] mab: mouse: CD147 (basigin) graft versus host disease: Gedivumab ...
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