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In Aristotle's work, phronesis is the intellectual virtue that helps turn one's moral instincts into practical action. [ 4 ] [ 10 ] He writes that moral virtues help any person to achieve the end, and that phronesis is what it takes to discover the means to gain that end. [ 4 ]
And, since Aristotle thinks that practical wisdom rules over the character excellences, exercising such excellences is one way to exercise reason and thus fulfill the human function. One common objection to Aristotle's function argument is that it uses descriptive or factual premises to derive conclusions about what is good. [14]
This he explains after first comparing the four other truth revealing capacities of soul: technical know how , logically deduced knowledge (epistēmē, sometimes translated as "scientific knowledge"), practical wisdom , and lastly theoretical wisdom , which is defined by Aristotle as the combination of nous and epistēmē.
Aristotle ends his investigation by comparing the importance of practical wisdom (phronesis) and philosophical wisdom (sophia). Although Aristotle describes sophia as the more serious (it is concerned with higher things), he mentions the earlier philosophers, Anaxagoras and Thales , as examples proving that one can be wise, having both ...
Aristotle also mentions several other traits: Gnome (good sense) – passing judgment, "sympathetic understanding" [4]: VI.11 Synesis (understanding) – comprehending what others say, does not issue commands; Phronesis (practical wisdom) – knowledge of what to do, knowledge of changing truths, issues commands [4]: VI.8
As John McDowell puts it, practical wisdom involves a "perceptual sensitivity" to what a situation requires. [ 12 ] Eudaimonia ( εὐδαιμονία ) is a state variously translated from Greek as 'well-being', 'happiness', 'blessedness', and in the context of virtue ethics, 'human flourishing'. [ 13 ]
The philosopher Aristotle held that there were three basic activities of humans: theoria (thinking), poiesis (making), and praxis (doing). Corresponding to these activities were three types of knowledge: theoretical, the end goal being truth; poietical, the end goal being production; and practical, the end goal being action. [1]
Aristotle [A] (Attic Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, romanized: Aristotélēs; [B] 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, and the arts.