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  2. Standard Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

    Elementary-particle masses and the differences between electromagnetism (mediated by the photon) and the weak force (mediated by the W and Z bosons) are critical to many aspects of the structure of microscopic (and hence macroscopic) matter. In electroweak theory, the Higgs boson generates the masses of the leptons (electron, muon, and tau) and ...

  3. Feynman diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diagram

    The use of the above diagram of the virtual particle producing a quark–antiquark pair was featured in the television sit-com The Big Bang Theory, in the episode "The Bat Jar Conjecture". PhD Comics of January 11, 2012, shows Feynman diagrams that visualize and describe quantum academic interactions , i.e. the paths followed by Ph.D. students ...

  4. Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation...

    Interactions in the Standard Model. All Feynman diagrams in the model are built from combinations of these vertices. q is any quark, g is a gluon, X is any charged particle, γ is a photon, f is any fermion, m is any particle with mass (with the possible exception of the neutrinos), m B is any boson with mass. In diagrams with multiple particle ...

  5. Elementary particle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle

    String theory is a model of physics whereby all "particles" that make up matter are composed of strings (measuring at the Planck length) that exist in an 11-dimensional (according to M-theory, the leading version) or 12-dimensional (according to F-theory [17]) universe. These strings vibrate at different frequencies that determine mass ...

  6. Particle physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics

    Particle physics or high-energy physics is the study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation. The field also studies combinations of elementary particles up to the scale of protons and neutrons , while the study of combination of protons and neutrons is called nuclear physics .

  7. Subatomic particle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic_particle

    This blends particle physics with field theory. Even among particle physicists, the exact definition of a particle has diverse descriptions. These professional attempts at the definition of a particle include: [7] A particle is a collapsed wave function; A particle is a quantum excitation of a field; A particle is an irreducible representation ...

  8. An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Exceptionally_Simple...

    This eight-dimensional root diagram is shown projected onto a Coxeter plane. "An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything" [1] is a physics preprint proposing a basis for a unified field theory, often referred to as "E 8 Theory", [2] which attempts to describe all known fundamental interactions in physics and to stand as a possible theory of ...

  9. Quantum electrodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics

    In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. [1] [2] [3] In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. [2]