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Giant landslides and collapses of ocean island volcanoes were first described in 1964 in Hawaii and are now known to happen in almost every ocean basin. [1] As volcanoes grow in size they eventually become unstable and collapse, generating landslides [2] and collapses such as the failure of Mount St. Helens in 1980 [3] and many others. [4]
An estimated 2.4-cubic-kilometre (0.58 cu mi) section of the volcano collapsed onto the seafloor north of the island; the collapse was similar in size to the 2.3-cubic-kilometre (0.55 cu mi) collapse which occurred during the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. [62]
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A large part of the volcano's southwestern side broke off and fell into the sea, causing a tsunami. Officials stated that approximately 64 hectares (160 acres) of the volcano had collapsed into the ocean. [15] The collapse caused the height of the volcano to be reduced from 338 to 110 metres (1,109 to 361 ft). [16]
Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (titled Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive for the British edition) is a 2005 book by academic and popular science author Jared Diamond, in which the author first defines collapse: "a drastic decrease in human population size and/or political/economic/social complexity, over a considerable area, for an extended time."
The newest and largest island is the Big Island of Hawaiʻi, formed by the merger of seven volcanoes. [10] The largest, at the trailing edge of the island, is Mauna Loa Volcano, and on its seaward flank is the younger Kīlauea, with the still submerged Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount (formerly Lōʻihi) just off-shore.
Nuʻuanu Slide is seen near the center top in this bathymetry image of the Hawaiian archipelago, Nuʻuanu Slide or Nuʻuanu Debris Avalanche is the largest of seventeen known submarine landslides around the Hawaiian Islands and at 200 kilometers (124 mi) in length, one of the largest landslides on Earth.