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  2. Overflow metabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overflow_metabolism

    Overflow metabolism refers to the seemingly wasteful strategy in which cells incompletely oxidize their growth substrate (e.g. glucose) instead of using the respiratory pathway, even in the presence of oxygen. [1] As a result of employing this metabolic strategy, cells excrete (or "overflow") metabolites like lactate, acetate and ethanol.

  3. Hypervolemia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervolemia

    Fluid volume excess in the intravascular compartment occurs due to an increase in total body sodium content and a consequent increase in extracellular body water. The mechanism usually stems from compromised regulatory mechanisms for sodium handling as seen in congestive heart failure (CHF), kidney failure , and liver failure .

  4. Fluid balance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_balance

    The majority of fluid output occurs via the urine, approximately 1500 ml/day (approx 1.59 qt/day) in the normal adult resting state. [12] [13] Some fluid is lost through perspiration (part of the body's temperature control mechanism) and as water vapor in exhaled air. These are termed "insensible fluid losses" as they cannot be easily measured.

  5. Homeostasis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis

    The control center sets the maintenance range—the acceptable upper and lower limits—for the particular variable, such as temperature. The control center responds to the signal by determining an appropriate response and sending signals to an effector, which can be one or more muscles, an organ, or a gland. When the signal is received and ...

  6. Metabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

    Metabolism (/ m ə ˈ t æ b ə l ɪ z ə m /, from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.The three main functions of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cellular processes; the conversion of food to building blocks of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates; and the ...

  7. Human thermoregulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_thermoregulation

    Simplified control circuit of human thermoregulation. [8]The core temperature of a human is regulated and stabilized primarily by the hypothalamus, a region of the brain linking the endocrine system to the nervous system, [9] and more specifically by the anterior hypothalamic nucleus and the adjacent preoptic area regions of the hypothalamus.

  8. Biological process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_process

    Regulation of biological processes occurs when any process is modulated in its frequency, rate or extent. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.

  9. Excretion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion

    During life activities such as cellular respiration, several chemical reactions take place in the body. These are known as metabolism. These chemical reactions produce waste products such as carbon dioxide, water, salts, urea and uric acid. Accumulation of these wastes beyond a level inside the body is harmful to the body.