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A Simplified TCP State Diagram. TCP protocol operations may be divided into three phases. Connection establishment is a multi-step handshake process that establishes a connection before entering the data transfer phase. After data transfer is completed, the connection termination closes the connection and releases all allocated resources.
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Tcp_state_diagram.svg: dnet derivative work: Marty Pauley ( talk ) This is a retouched picture , which means that it has been digitally altered from its original version.
Modifications: Modified version of TCP state diagram, with receipt of ACK added as requirement for CLOSING->TIME_WAIT and LAST_ACK->CLOSED transitions. The original can be viewed here: Tcp state diagram fixed.svg: . Modifications made by Scil100.
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Connection-oriented transport-layer protocols provide connection-oriented communications over connectionless communication systems. A connection-oriented transport layer protocol, such as TCP, may be based on a connectionless network-layer protocol such as IP, but still achieves in-order delivery of a byte-stream by means of segment sequence numbering on the sender side, packet buffering, and ...
As there are only two endpoints on a tunnel, the tunnel is a point-to-point connection and PPP is a natural choice as a data link layer protocol between the virtual network interfaces. PPP can assign IP addresses to these virtual interfaces, and these IP addresses can be used, for example, to route between the networks on both sides of the tunnel.