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Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by the virus SARS-CoV-1, the first identified strain of the SARS-related coronavirus. [3] The first known cases occurred in November 2002, and the syndrome caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak .
Carlo Urbani (Italian: [ˈkarlo urˈbaːni] ⓘ; 19 October 1956 – 29 March 2003) was an Italian physician and microbiologist and the first to identify severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) as probably a new and dangerously contagious viral disease, [1] [2] and his early warning to the World Health Organization (WHO) triggered a swift and global response credited with saving numerous lives.
The 2002–2004 outbreak of SARS, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1), infected over 8,000 people from 30 countries and territories, and resulted in at least 774 deaths worldwide. [1] The outbreak was first identified in Foshan, Guangdong, China, in November 2002. [2]
Scanning electron micrograph of SARS virions. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is the disease caused by SARS-CoV-1. It causes an often severe illness and is marked initially by systemic symptoms of muscle pain, headache, and fever, followed in 2–14 days by the onset of respiratory symptoms, [13] mainly cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia.
SARS-CoV-2 has an expanded host range compared to SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. [33] [34] SARS-CoV-2 (along with SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV) are generalist viruses, not specifically adapted to humans, meaning they have potential to spill over to many species and establish new natural reservoirs after adaptive evolutionary changes. [35]
SARS-related coronavirus is a member of the genus Betacoronavirus (group 2) and monotypic of the subgenus Sarbecovirus (subgroup B). [13] Sarbecoviruses, unlike embecoviruses or alphacoronaviruses, have only one papain-like proteinase (PLpro) instead of two in the open reading frame ORF1ab. [14]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome / SARS: 774 [234] 2003–2019 Asia and Egypt avian influenza epidemic 2003–2019 China, Southeast Asia and Egypt: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1: 455 [235] 2004 Indonesia dengue epidemic 2004 Indonesia: Dengue fever: 658 [236] 2004 Sudan Ebola outbreak 2004 Sudan: Ebola: 7 [237] 2004–2005 Angola Marburg ...
SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh known coronavirus to infect people, after 229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, MERS-CoV, and the original SARS-CoV. [105] Like the SARS-related coronavirus implicated in the 2003 SARS outbreak, SARS‑CoV‑2 is a member of the subgenus Sarbecovirus (beta-CoV lineage B). [106] [107] Coronaviruses undergo frequent recombination. [108]