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Juniper berries are sometimes regarded as arils, [3] like the berry-like cones of yews. Juniperus communis berries vary from 4 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ 8 inch) to 12 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ 2 inch) in diameter; other species are mostly similar in size, though some are larger, notably J. drupacea ( 20–28 mm or 3 ⁄ 4 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 8 in).
The fruit are berry-like cones known as juniper berries. They are initially green, ripening in 18 months to purple-black with a blue waxy coating; they are spherical, 4–12 mm ( 5 ⁄ 32 – 15 ⁄ 32 in) diameter, and usually have three (occasionally six) fleshy fused scales, each scale with a single seed.
Juniperus phoenicea is a large evergreen shrub or small tree reaching 5–8 metres (16–26 feet) tall, with a trunk up to 1–2 m (3 + 1 ⁄ 2 – 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 ft) in diameter and a rounded or irregular crown. The bark, which can be peeled in strips, is dark grayish-brown.
A small quantity of ripe berries can be eaten as an emergency food or as a sage-like seasoning for meat. The dried berries can be roasted and ground into a coffee substitute. [10] Utah juniper is an aromatic plant. Essential oil extracted from the trunk and limb is prominent in α-pinene, δ-3-carene, and cis-thujopsene.
It has a stout trunk with red-brown bark, growing up to 3 m (10 ft) in diameter. [1] The whorled leaves are scale-like and closely appressed. Most plants are dioecious, but about 5–10% are monoecious. [1] Its fleshy and berry-like cones are 5–9 millimetres (3 ⁄ 16 – 3 ⁄ 8 inch) in diameter. [1] Its pollination period is May and June. [2]
Juniperus virginiana foliage and mature cones. Juniperus virginiana is a dense slow-growing coniferous evergreen tree with a conical or subcylindrical shaped crown [8] that may never become more than a bush on poor soil, but is ordinarily from 5–20 metres (16–66 feet) tall, with a short trunk 30–100 centimetres (12–39 inches) in diameter, rarely to 27 m (89 ft) in height and 170 cm (67 ...