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It is used for its high thermal neutron absorption cross-section in making control rods in nuclear reactors, for its high magnetic susceptibility (χ v ≈ 5.44 × 10 −3) in data-storage applications, and as a component of Terfenol-D (a magnetostrictive material). Soluble dysprosium salts are mildly toxic, while the insoluble salts are ...
Phosphorus has a concentration in the Earth's crust of about one gram per kilogram (compare copper at about 0.06 grams). It is not found free in nature, but is widely distributed in many minerals , usually as phosphates. [ 12 ]
[j] The total amount of astatine in the Earth's crust (quoted mass 2.36 × 10 25 grams) [108] is estimated by some to be less than one gram at any given time. [8] Other sources estimate the amount of ephemeral astatine, present on earth at any given moment, to be up to one ounce [ 109 ] (about 28 grams).
Scandium-stabilized zirconia enjoys a growing market demand for use as a high-efficiency electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells. [citation needed] The USGS reports that, from 2015 to 2019 in the US, the price of small quantities of scandium ingot has been $107 to $134 per gram, and that of scandium oxide $4 to $5 per gram. [34]
Americium-241 has been used as a portable source of both gamma rays and alpha particles for a number of medical and industrial uses. The 59.5409 keV gamma ray emissions from 241 Am in such sources can be used for indirect analysis of materials in radiography and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as for quality control in fixed nuclear ...
Copper is used mostly as a pure metal, but when greater hardness is required, it is put into such alloys as brass and bronze (5% of total use). [28] For more than two centuries, copper paint has been used on boat hulls to control the growth of plants and shellfish. [ 127 ]
Hassium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Hs and atomic number 108. It is highly radioactive: its most stable known isotopes have half-lives of about ten seconds. [a] One of its isotopes, 270 Hs, has magic numbers of protons and neutrons for deformed nuclei, giving it greater stability against spontaneous fission.