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The origin of Oryza sativa rice domestication has been a subject of much debate among those who study crop history and anthropology – whether rice originated in India or China. [40] [41] Asian rice, Oryza sativa, is one of oldest crop species. It has tens of thousands of varieties and two major subspecies, japonica and indica.
Asian rice was domesticated in China some 13,500 to 8,200 years ago; African rice was domesticated in Africa about 3,000 years ago. Rice has become commonplace in many cultures worldwide; in 2021, 787 million tons were produced, placing it fourth after sugarcane, maize, and wheat. Only some 8% of rice is traded internationally.
Oryza sativa, having the common name Asian cultivated rice, [2] is the much more common of the two rice species cultivated as a cereal, the other species being O. glaberrima, African rice. It was first domesticated in the Yangtze River basin in China 13,500 to 8,200 years ago.
Domestication (not to be confused with the taming of an individual animal [3] [4] [5]), is from the Latin domesticus, 'belonging to the house'. [6] The term remained loosely defined until the 21st century, when the American archaeologist Melinda A. Zeder defined it as a long-term relationship in which humans take over control and care of another organism to gain a predictable supply of a ...
In some cases, such as rice, different subspecies were domesticated in different regions; Oryza sativa subspecies indica was domesticated in South Asia, while Oryza sativa subspecies japonica was developed in China. For more on the mechanisms of domestication, see Hybrid (biology).
The domestication of rice was observed through the loss of colour and seed shattering, lower rates of seed dormancy, and changes in seed shape. Cultivated forms of phuddi rice are of domestic origin, whilst indica rice appear to be of mixed origin, via domestication throughout South and Southeast Asia. [10]
These founder crops were domesticated in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period, [4] between 10,500 and 7,500 years ago. [5] Different species formed the basis of early agricultural economies in other centres of domestication. For example, rice was first cultivated in the Yangtze River basin of East Asia in the early Neolithic.
Rice was cultivated in the Indus Valley civilisation. [36] Agricultural activity during the second millennium BC included rice cultivation in the Kashmir and Harrappan regions. [35] Mixed farming was the basis of the Indus valley economy. [36] Denis J. Murphy (2007) details the spread of cultivated rice from India into South-east Asia: [37]