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In horses and other odd-toed ungulates it is the third phalanx, or "P3"; in even-toed ungulates such as cattle, it is the third and fourth (P3 and P4). The coffin bone meets the short pastern bone or second phalanx at the coffin joint. [1] The coffin bone is connected to the inner wall of the horse hoof by a structure called the laminar layer.
A true endoskeleton is derived from mesodermal tissue. In three phyla of animals, Chordata, Echinodermata and Porifera (), endoskeletons of various complexity are found.An endoskeleton may function purely for structural support (as in the case of Porifera), but often also serves as an attachment site for muscles and a mechanism for transmitting muscular forces as in chordates and echinoderms ...
Bos (from Latin bōs: cow, ox, bull) is a genus of bovines, which includes, among others, wild and domestic cattle.. Bos is often divided into four subgenera: Bos, Bibos, Novibos, and Poephagus, but including these last three divisions within the genus Bos without including Bison is believed to be paraphyletic by many workers on the classification of the genus since the 1980s.
A cow hoof is cloven, or divided, into two approximately equal parts, usually called claws. [12] Approximately 95% of lameness in dairy cattle occurs in the feet. [ 12 ] Lameness in dairy cows can reduce milk production and fertility, and cause reproductive problems and suffering.
Cancellous bone or spongy bone, [12] [11] also known as trabecular bone, is the internal tissue of the skeletal bone and is an open cell porous network that follows the material properties of biofoams. [13] [14] Cancellous bone has a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio than cortical bone and it is less dense. This makes it weaker and more flexible.
Diagrams of hand skeletons of various mammals, left to right: orangutan, dog, pig, cow, tapir, and horse. Highlighted are the even-toed ungulates pig and cow. In even-toed ungulates, the bones of the stylopodium (upper arm or thigh bone) and zygopodiums (tibia and fibula) are usually elongated. The muscles of the limbs are predominantly ...
Enjoy a classic game of Hearts and watch out for the Queen of Spades!
Both scientific names Bos taurus and Bos indicus were introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, with the latter used to describe humped cattle in China. [3]The zebu was classified as a distinct species by Juliet Clutton-Brock in 1999, [8] but as a subspecies of the domestic cattle, Bos taurus indicus, by both Clutton-Brock and Colin Groves in 2004 [9] and by Peter Grubb in 2005. [10]