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In psychology, negative affectivity (NA), or negative affect, is a personality variable that involves the experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept. [1] Negative affectivity subsumes a variety of negative emotions, including anger , contempt , disgust , guilt , fear , [ 2 ] and nervousness .
The term attitude with the psychological meaning of an internal state of preparedness for action was not used until the 19th century. [3]: 2 The American Psychological Association (APA) defines attitude as "a relatively enduring and general evaluation of an object, person, group, issue, or concept on a dimension ranging from negative to positive.
Negative affectivity – describes a person's tendency to be distressed and upset, and have a negative view of self over time and across situations, perceiving things through a "black lens". It is important to explain that low levels of negative affectivity are perceived as positive traits since they represent individuals who are more calm ...
Ambivalence is often conceptualized as a negative predictor of attitude strength. [4] That is, as an attitude becomes more ambivalent, its strength decreases. Strong attitudes are those that are stable over time, resistant to change, and predict behavior and information processing. [28]
Through history, some have concluded that a pessimistic attitude, although justified, must be avoided to endure. Optimistic attitudes are favored and of emotional consideration. [9] Al-Ghazali and William James rejected their pessimism after suffering psychological, or even psychosomatic illness. Criticisms of this sort however assume that ...
One of the primary traits of machiavellianism is a detached, unemotional attitude and lack of affect in regards to others. [172] [173] Christie and Geis noted that the primary difference between high machs and low machs was the degree of emotion invested in interpersonal relations, with those scoring high having the lowest.
Stigma occurs when an individual is identified as deviant, linked with negative stereotypes that engender prejudiced attitudes, which are acted upon in discriminatory behavior. Goffman illuminated how stigmatized people manage their "Spoiled identity" (meaning the stigma disqualifies the stigmatized individual from full social acceptance ...
Attitude towards an object are influenced not only by the characteristics of the object itself (cognitive aspect) but also by the context in which the object is encountered, a concept known as attitude-toward-situation. [5] The behavior is better predicted when both the attitude-toward-object and attitude-toward-situation are considered.