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  2. List of sovereign states by research and development spending

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states...

    According to World Bank, ″Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.″ [3]

  3. Global Value Chains and Development - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Value_Chains_and...

    The emphasis on the power of lead firms in global industries (which gave rise to the analysis of “governance structures”) and the development emphasis of many GVC researchers (highlighting the economic, social and environmental upgrading trajectories of countries) produced a unique amalgam of research questions and analytical tools.

  4. Investment Policy Framework for Sustainable Development

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_Policy...

    IPFSD has grown out of a long precedent of UN Member States calling for sustainable economic development, an understanding that investment is a critical aspect of sustainable development, and UNCTAD's three-and-a-half decades of experience in research and policy analysis. The UN Charter promotes, inter alia, the goal of economic and social ...

  5. Research and development - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development

    By 2018, research and development constituted an average 1.79% of the global GDP according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Countries agreed in 2015 to monitor their progress in raising research intensity (SDG 9.5.1), as well as researcher density (SDG 9.5.2), as part of their commitment to reaching the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.

  6. Principles for Responsible Investment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_for_Responsible...

    The six principles are as follows: As institutional investors, we have a duty to act in the best long-term interests of our beneficiaries.In this fiduciary role, we believe that environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) issues can affect the performance of investment portfolios (to varying degrees across companies, sectors, regions, asset classes and through time).

  7. List of companies by research and development spending

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_by...

    The following list sorts companies with the highest expenditures for research and development (R&D) for different years, mostly taken from the magazine Strategy+Business. 2022 top 20 [ edit ]

  8. Supply-side economics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply-side_economics

    Encouraging globalized free trade via containerization is a major recent example. Tax reduction, to provide incentives to work, invest and take risks. Lowering income tax rates and eliminating or lowering tariffs are examples of such policies. Investments in new capital equipment and research and development (R&D), to further improve productivity.

  9. Global Innovation Fund - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Fund

    The Global Innovation Fund (GIF) is a non-profit investment fund. It invests in the development, testing, and scaling of social innovations with the potential to have a measurable impact on the lives of those living on less than $5 per day, such as new products, services, business processes, and policy reforms. [ 1 ]

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