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The microbiota during pregnancy are predominantly Lactobacillus species. Microbiota composition can change during the course of the pregnancy. If the microbiota populations become more diverse, indicating that the normal Lactobacillus-dominated population has changed to a bacterial vaginosis population, risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes ...
In addition, bacterial vaginosis as either pre-existing, or acquired, may increase the risk of pregnancy complications, most notably premature birth or miscarriage. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Pregnant women with BV have a higher risk of chorioamnionitis , miscarriage, preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes , and postpartum endometritis . [ 27 ]
The relationship between intrauterine infections and second-trimester pregnancy loss as well as early preterm delivery has been established. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Most bacteria found in the uterus in association with preterm labor are of vaginal origin, with only a small minority originating from the abdominal cavity or from an inadvertent needle ...
Normal vaginal flora (left) is predominantly rod-shaped Lactobacilli, whereas in bacterial vaginosis (right) there is an overgrowth of bacteria, which can be of various species. A healthy vaginal microbiome aids in the prevention of bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections and other possible problems by maintaining an acidic pH (< 4.5) that is ...
Infections: urinary tract infection, sexually transmitted diseases, lower genital tract infections (e.g. bacterial vaginosis), [8] infections within the amniotic sac membranes (chorioamnionitis) [11] Tobacco use during pregnancy [10] Illicit drug use during pregnancy [11] Having had PROM or preterm delivery in previous pregnancies [8]
During pregnancy the plasma volume increases by 40-50% and the red blood cell volume increases only by 20–30%. [22] These changes occur mostly in the second trimester and prior to 32 weeks gestation. [24] Due to dilution, the net result is a decrease in hematocrit or hemoglobin, which are measures of red blood cell concentration.
At baseline, birth control is contraception, i.e. a method to prevent pregnancy. While it’s usually synonymous with The Pill , these are the most popular forms of birth control in the U.S.: The Pill
Braxton Hicks contractions, also known as practice contractions or false labor, are sporadic uterine contractions that may start around six weeks into a pregnancy. [1] However, they are usually felt in the second or third trimester of pregnancy. [2]