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A few pigging systems utilize a "captive pig", and the pipeline is only opened occasionally to check the condition of the pig. [12] At all other times, the pig is shuttled up and down the pipeline at the end of each transfer, and the pipeline is never opened up during process operation. These systems are not common.
Hydraulically activated pipeline pigging (HAPP) is a pigging technology applied for pipeline cleaning. The basic principle is that a pressure drop is created over a by-passable pig held back against a pipeline's fluid flow. The pipeline fluid passing through the pig's cleaning head is accelerated by this pressure drop, forming strong cleaning jets.
Pigging slugs are caused by pigging operations in the pipeline. The pig is designed to push all or most of the liquids contents of the pipeline to the outlet. This intentionally creates a liquid slug. Slugs formed by terrain slugging, hydrodynamic slugging or riser-based slugging are periodical in nature.
The process can be undertaken with pipes made of most common pipe materials, and on pipes with diameters ranging from 8 mm to 600 mm and lengths of several kilometers. The ice pigging process takes less time than traditional pigging methods for underground pipes and can be operated by fewer people. [4]
Pipeline Filling (Flooding) – which can be carried out by propelling pigs through the pipeline with water or free flooding with water (normally for smaller or unpiggable pipelines). Hydrotesting – this is a process by which the pipeline in question is pressure tested to a predefined pressure above the operating design pressure of the pipeline.
An intelligent pig, travelling at the prevailing gas velocity, measures the wall thickness of the pipeline and identifies areas of corrosion or defects. As the pipeline leaves the compressor station a pig launcher may be installed to send pigs down the pipeline to the next facility. [6]
Background and origin of the term "pig": In the field, a device that travels inside a pipeline to clean or inspect it is typically known as a pig. PIG is a bacronym for "Pipeline Inspection Gauge". The acronym PIG came later as the nickname for "pig" originated from cleaning pigs (first designed pigs) that sounded like squealing or screeching ...
Robotic non-destructive testing (NDT) is a method of inspection used to assess the structural integrity of petroleum, natural gas, and water installations. Crawler-based robotic tools are commonly used for in-line inspection (ILI) applications in pipelines that cannot be inspected using traditional intelligent pigging tools (or unpiggable pipelines).