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Atoms can be excited by heat, electricity, or light. The hydrogen atom provides a simple example of this concept.. The ground state of the hydrogen atom has the atom's single electron in the lowest possible orbital (that is, the spherically symmetric "1s" wave function, which, so far, has been demonstrated to have the lowest possible quantum numbers).
As a consequence of the Primogenic Effect, the first excited state for [Fe(bipy) 3] 2+ is a ligand field state (LF state) with a high spin configuration. Such LF states characteristically decay to the ground state rapidly (femtoseconds). By contrast, for [Ru(bipy) 3] 2+ and [Os(bipy) 3] 2+, the first excited state is charge-transfer in character
The electron configuration of the new state may result in a shift of the equilibrium position of the nuclei constituting the molecule. In Figure 3 this shift in nuclear coordinates between the ground and the first excited state is labeled as q 01.
As shown in the figure, the electron's speed is reduced, and the mercury atom becomes "excited". A short time later, the 4.9 eV of energy that was deposited into the mercury atom is released as ultraviolet light that has a wavelength of precisely 254 nm. Following light emission, the mercury atom returns to its original, unexcited state. [16] [17]
Any other configuration is an excited state. As an example, the ground state configuration of the sodium atom is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1, as deduced from the Aufbau principle (see below). The first excited state is obtained by promoting a 3s electron to the 3p subshell, to obtain the 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3p 1 configuration, abbreviated as the 3p level ...
In a fundamental vibration, the molecule is excited from its ground state (v = 0) to the first excited state (v = 1). The symmetry of the ground-state wave function is the same as that of the molecule. It is, therefore, a basis for the totally symmetric representation in the point group of the molecule. It follows that, for a vibrational ...
The difference between the ground state energy, n, and the first excited state, n+1, corresponds to the energy required to excite the system. This energy has a specific wavelength, and therefore color of light, related by: = A common example of this phenomenon is in β-carotene.
The lowest of these states is the ground state and this often, but not always, arises from removal of the electron from the HOMO. The other states are excited electronic states. For example, the electronic configuration of the H 2 O molecule is (1a 1 ) 2 (2a 1 ) 2 (1b 2 ) 2 (3a 1 ) 2 (1b 1 ) 2 , [ 10 ] where the symbols a 1 , b 2 and b 1 are ...