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John P. Kotter, a pioneer of change management, invented the 8-Step Process for Leading Change. John P. Kotter, the Konosuke Matsushita Professor of Leadership, Emeritus, at the Harvard Business School is considered the most influential expert of change management. [29] He invented the 8-Step Process for Leading Change. It consists of eight stages:
The eight stages or steps include the creation of "a sense of urgency" and the use of "short-term wins". [ 7 ] Short-term wins, within a 6–18 month window, are considered necessary because "[an] organization has to realize some benefits from [a] change effort to maintain stakeholder commitment". [ 8 ]
Cummings and Worley offer six guidelines for cultural change, in line with the eight distinct stages mentioned by Kotter. [68] [69] Formulate a strategic vision (Kotter stage 1, 2, and 3). A clear vision of the firm's new strategy, shared values and behaviors provides direction for the culture change. [70] Display top-management commitment ...
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Examples of organisational transformation include: General Motors' transformation and restructuring (around 2009) [7] BBC's Delivering Quality First programme (since 2011) [8] Box's pivot from consumer to enterprise (around 2009-2010) [9] British Airways' strategic transformation programme in response to low cost airlines (around 2004-2005) [10]
"A worked example is a step-by-step demonstration of how to perform a task or how to solve a problem". [ 8 ] : 190 Worked examples are designed to support initial acquisition of cognitive skills through introducing a formulated problem, solution steps and the final solution.
Parts of systems—for example, individuals, cliques, structures, norms, values, and products—are not considered in isolation; the principle of interdependency—that change in one part of a system affects the other parts—is fully recognized. Thus OD interventions focus on the total cultures and cultural processes of organizations.
The formula for change (or "the change formula") provides a model to assess the relative strengths affecting the likely success of organisational change programs. The formula was created by David Gleicher while he was working at management consultants Arthur D. Little in the early 1960s, [1] refined by Kathie Dannemiller in the 1980s, [2] and further developed by Steve Cady.