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The ponds or basins may range in depth from 1.5 to 5.0 meters. [6] In a surface-aerated system, the aerators provide two functions: they transfer air into the basins required by the biological oxidation reactions, and they provide the mixing required for dispersing the air and for contacting the reactants (that is, oxygen, wastewater and microbes).
Groundwater entering sanitary sewers through defective pipe joints and broken pipes is called infiltration. [4] Pipes may leak because of careless installation; they may also be damaged after installation by differential ground movement, heavy vehicle traffic on roadways above the sewer, careless construction practices in nearby trenches, or degradation of the sewer pipe materials.
Wastewater (or waste water) is water generated after the use of freshwater, raw water, drinking water or saline water in a variety of deliberate applications or processes. [1]: 1 Another definition of wastewater is "Used water from any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface runoff / storm water, and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration".
"Wastewater Technology Fact Sheets". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 25 June 2015. Primer for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems (Report). EPA. 2004. EPA 832-R-04-001. Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology Database EPA.
Centralized wastewater systems are the most widely applied in well-developed urban environments and the oldest approach to the solution of the problems associated with wastewater. [4] They collect wastewater in large and bulk pipeline networks, also referred as sewerage, which transport it at long distances to one or several treatment plants.
The main purpose of wastewater treatment is for the treated wastewater to be able to be disposed or reused safely. However, before it is treated, the options for disposal or reuse must be considered so the correct treatment process is used on the wastewater. The term "wastewater treatment" is often used to mean "sewage treatment". [4]
A trickling filter is a type of wastewater treatment system. It consists of a fixed bed of some material, such as rocks, coke, gravel, slag, polyurethane foam, sphagnum peat moss, ceramic, or plastic media, over which sewage or other wastewater flows downward and causes a layer of microbial slime to grow, covering the bed of media.
An integrated constructed wetland is an unlined free surface flow constructed wetland with emergent vegetated areas and local soil material. Its objectives is not only to treat wastewater from farmyards and other wastewater sources, but also to integrate the wetland infrastructure into the landscape and enhancing its biological diversity. [24]