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Human botulism is caused mainly by types A, B, E, and (rarely) F. Types C and D cause toxicity only in other animals. [40] In October 2013, scientists released news of the discovery of type H, the first new botulism neurotoxin found in forty years. However, further studies showed type H to be a chimeric toxin composed of parts of types F and A ...
The main species responsible for disease in humans are: [15] Clostridium botulinum can produce botulinum toxin in food or wounds and can cause botulism. This same toxin is known as Botox and is used in cosmetic surgery to paralyze facial muscles to reduce the signs of aging; it also has numerous other therapeutic uses.
Avian botulism occurs all over the world and is especially predominant in North American wetlands. The degree of avian botulism outbreaks in populations is largely determined by how favorable conditions are for C. botulinum. [5] Ideal conditions for the presence of the BoNt carrying bacterium consist of low-oxygen, high-protein available ...
Botulinum toxin can cause botulism, a severe flaccid paralytic disease in humans and other animals, [3] and is the most potent toxin known to science, natural or synthetic, with a lethal dose of 1.3–2.1 ng/kg in humans. [4] [5]
Ochratoxin is a renal carcinogen, which has been found by animals containing OTA. [38] Aflatoxin is a mycotoxin that is produced from Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. [38] A type of aflatoxin, AFB1, is the most common mycotoxin that is found in human food and animal feed. [38] AFB1 targets the liver of both humans and animals. [38]
Cross-species transmission is the most significant cause of disease emergence in humans and other species. [citation needed] Wildlife zoonotic diseases of microbial origin are also the most common group of human emerging diseases, and CST between wildlife and livestock has appreciable economic impacts in agriculture by reducing livestock productivity and imposing export restrictions. [2]
Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, insects, and fungi with the intent to kill, harm or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war. [1]
They do not kill the host animal, thus they are true parasites. The equine botflies present seasonal difficulties to equestrian caretakers, as they lay eggs on the insides of horses' front legs on the cannon or metacarpal bone (below the knee) and knees , and sometimes on the throat or nose depending on the species.