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Ecological factors, such as predation, also impact the cost of reproduction. [6] Predation disproportionately affects breeding organisms because of multiple factors. These include increased exposure to predators due to mate searching, predators being attracted to conspicuous mating displays, and decreased mobility during copulation and pregnancy.
Ecosystem valuation is an economic process which assigns a value (either monetary, biophysical, or other) to an ecosystem and/or its ecosystem services.By quantifying, for example, the human welfare benefits of a forest to reduce flooding and erosion while sequestering carbon, providing habitat for endangered species, and absorbing harmful chemicals, such monetization ideally provides a tool ...
In biology, optimality models are a tool used to evaluate the costs and benefits of different organismal features, traits, and characteristics, including behavior, in the natural world. This evaluation allows researchers to make predictions about an organism's optimal behavior or other aspects of its phenotype .
Dorian briefly developed a 10-mile (15 km) wide eye on radar on a couple occasions, but it quickly eroded because of mid-level dry air incursions. [10] Dorian soon took a more northwesterly direction as a result of a weakness in a ridge, caused by a mid- to upper-level low (cold-core cyclone) located to the north of the island of Hispaniola. [11]
Dorian is one of only two Category 5 hurricanes to make landfall on the Abaco Islands, the other having occurred in 1932, [241] and is the only such storm on record to have impacted Grand Bahama. [242] With Dorian, 2019 became the fourth consecutive year to produce at least one Category 5 hurricane in the North Atlantic. [243] [nb 2]
When the statistical model has several parameters, however, the mean of the parameter-estimator is a vector and its variance is a matrix. The inverse matrix of the variance-matrix is called the "information matrix". Because the variance of the estimator of a parameter vector is a matrix, the problem of "minimizing the variance" is complicated.
A dumpster pushed into the Little River after Dorian had not been taken out of the place for months, and the owner of the dumpster was not found. [150] A grand opening for a Panera Bread was delayed after water damage. [151] Many sea turtle nests were destroyed during Dorian, with only a couple thousand of turtles estimated to have survived the ...
An estimand is a quantity that is to be estimated in a statistical analysis. [1] The term is used to distinguish the target of inference from the method used to obtain an approximation of this target (i.e., the estimator) and the specific value obtained from a given method and dataset (i.e., the estimate). [2]