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In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates.The equation was proposed by Svante Arrhenius in 1889, based on the work of Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff who had noted in 1884 that the Van 't Hoff equation for the temperature dependence of equilibrium constants suggests such a formula for the rates of both forward and ...
Once the presence of certain substances in a sample is known, the study of their absolute or relative abundance could help in determining specific properties. Knowing the composition of a sample is very important, and several ways have been developed to make it possible, like gravimetric [3] and volumetric analysis. Gravimetric analysis yields ...
In chemistry, the law of mass action is the proposition that the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or concentrations of the reactants. [1] It explains and predicts behaviors of solutions in dynamic equilibrium.
The rate of muscle twitch contractions and relaxations are thermally dependent (Q 10 of 2.0-2.5), whereas maximum contraction, e.g., tetanic contraction, is thermally independent. [ 6 ] Muscles of some ectothermic species. e.g., sharks, show less thermal dependence at lower temperatures than endothermic species [ 4 ] [ 7 ]
In the Arrhenius model of reaction rates, activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that must be available to reactants for a chemical reaction to occur. [1] The activation energy ( E a ) of a reaction is measured in kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) or kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol). [ 2 ]
The diagram alongside, shows an example of the hydrolysis of the aluminium Lewis acid Al 3+ (aq) [22] shows the species concentrations for a 5 × 10 −6 M solution of an aluminium salt as a function of pH. Each concentration is shown as a percentage of the total aluminium.
The length of the initial rate period depends on the assay conditions and can range from milliseconds to hours. However, equipment for rapidly mixing liquids allows fast kinetic measurements at initial rates of less than one second. [7] These very rapid assays are essential for measuring pre-steady-state kinetics, which are discussed below.
The reactions may differ in their stoichiometry. For example, the methylation of benzene (C 6 H 6), through a Friedel–Crafts reaction using AlCl 3 as a catalyst, may produce singly methylated (C 6 H 5 CH 3), doubly methylated (C 6 H 4 (CH 3) 2), or still more highly methylated (C 6 H 6−n (CH 3) n) products, as shown in the following example ...