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Inflammatory breast cancer [1] (IBC) is one of the most aggressive types of breast cancer. It can occur in women of any age (and, extremely rarely, in men, see male breast cancer [2]). It is referred to as "inflammatory" due to its frequent presentation with symptoms resembling a skin inflammation, such as erysipelas.
Galactorrhea can also be caused by antipsychotics that cause hyperprolactinemia by blocking dopamine receptors responsible for control of prolactin release. Of these, risperidone is the most notorious for causing this complication. [5] Case reports suggest proton-pump inhibitors have been shown to cause galactorrhea.
It is common for symptoms to wax and wane. Symptoms typically only affect one breast and may include: Skin: The first symptom is usually an eczema-like rash. The skin of the nipple and areola may be red, itchy, or tingly. [2] After a period of time, the skin may become flaky, scaly, or thickened.
Flushing is to become markedly red in the face and often other areas of the skin, from various physiological conditions. Flushing is generally distinguished from blushing, since blushing is psychosomatic, milder, generally restricted to the face, cheeks or ears, and generally assumed to reflect emotional stress, such as embarrassment, anger, or romantic stimulation.
The enzyme aromatase can be found in many tissues including gonads (granulosa cells), brain, adipose tissue, placenta, blood vessels, skin, and bone, as well as in tissue of endometriosis, uterine fibroids, breast cancer, and endometrial cancer. [citation needed] It is an important factor in sexual development.
The side effects of cyproterone acetate (CPA), a steroidal antiandrogen and progestin, including its frequent and rare side effects, have been studied and characterized.It is generally well-tolerated and has a mild side-effect profile, regardless of dosage, when it used as a progestin or antiandrogen in combination with an estrogen such as ethinylestradiol or estradiol valerate in women.
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
Alcohol and some drugs can also cause breast enlargement. [4] [7] Other causes may include Klinefelter syndrome, metabolic dysfunction, or a natural decline in testosterone production. [4] [6] [8] This may occur even if the levels of estrogens and androgens are both appropriate, but the ratio is altered. [7]
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