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Ground reinforcement is a reinforcing element placed on a flat surface in order to increase accessibility for vehicles and ensure proper rainwater drainage in addition to protection. The reinforcing element, usually in the form of grids, is used beneath grass , asphalt , concrete in roads , parking lots , driveways and paths .
Early research (Bathurst and Jarrett, 1988) [13] found that cellular confinement reinforced gravel bases are "equivalent to about twice the thickness of unreinforced gravel bases" and that geocells performed better than single sheet reinforcement schemes (geotextiles and geogrids) and were more effective in reducing lateral spreading of infill under loading than conventional reinforced bases.
A silt fence on a construction site.. Geotextiles and related products have many applications and currently support many civil engineering applications including roads, airfields, railroads, embankments, retaining structures, reservoirs, canals, dams, bank protection, coastal engineering and construction site silt fences or to form a geotextile tube.
Gravel road in Namibia. Gravel is known to have been used extensively in the construction of roads by soldiers of the Roman Empire (see Roman road) but in 1998 a limestone-surfaced road, thought to date back to the Bronze Age, was found at Yarnton in Oxfordshire, Britain. [45] Applying gravel, or "metalling", has had two distinct usages in road ...
Permeable pavement is commonly used on roads, paths and parking lots subject to light vehicular traffic, such as cycle-paths, service or emergency access lanes, road and airport shoulders, and residential sidewalks and driveways.
When geotextile fabric is used, a gravel layer with a minimum thickness of 6" (15 cm) [4] is suggested to ensure the fabric remains unexposed. Road construction guidelines suggest that the crown in the road surface begins at the center point in the road, and does not exceed a 4% gradation from the center to the edge of the roadway.