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Configural frequency analysis (CFA) is a method of exploratory data analysis, introduced by Gustav A. Lienert in 1969. [1] The goal of a configural frequency analysis is to detect patterns in the data that occur significantly more (such patterns are called Types) or significantly less often (such patterns are called Antitypes) than expected by chance.
The Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) program is a postgraduate professional certification offered internationally by the US-based CFA Institute (formerly the Association for Investment Management and Research, or AIMR) to investment and financial professionals.
The modified Dietz method [1] [2] [3] is a measure of the ex post (i.e. historical) performance of an investment portfolio in the presence of external flows. (External flows are movements of value such as transfers of cash, securities or other instruments in or out of the portfolio, with no equal simultaneous movement of value in the opposite direction, and which are not income from the ...
For a guide to displaying mathematical equations and formulas, see Help:Displaying a formula; For a guide to editing, see Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia; For an overview of commonly used style guidelines, see Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style; For a page on how to use Wikipedia in bite-sized morsels, see Wikipedia:Tips
Beneish M-score is a probabilistic model, so it cannot detect companies that manipulate their earnings with 100% accuracy. Financial institutions were excluded from the sample in Beneish paper when calculating M-score since these institutions make money through different routes.
Resampled efficient frontier is a technique in investment portfolio construction under modern portfolio theory to use a set of portfolios and then average them to create an effective portfolio.
Here various adjustments to the balance sheet book value may be required; [1] see Clean surplus accounting. More typically, the company is assumed to achieve maturity or "constant growth", at time , and the below formulae are applied instead. [2] (Note that the value will remain identical: the adjustment is a "telescoping" device).
Basel III requires banks to have a minimum CET1 ratio (Common Tier 1 capital divided by risk-weighted assets (RWAs)) at all times of: . 4.5%; Plus: A mandatory "capital conservation buffer" or "stress capital buffer requirement", equivalent to at least 2.5% of risk-weighted assets, but could be higher based on results from stress tests, as determined by national regulators.