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Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH).Most water, including drinking water, has a neutral pH that exists between 6.5 and 8.5, but acid rain has a pH level lower than this and ranges from 4–5 on average.
Diagram depicting the sources and cycles of acid rain precipitation. Freshwater acidification occurs when acidic inputs enter a body of fresh water through the weathering of rocks, invasion of acidifying gas (e.g. carbon dioxide), or by the reduction of acid anions, like sulfate and nitrate within a lake, pond, or reservoir. [1]
Sulfuric acid rain in the atmosphere of Venus evaporates before reaching the ground due to the high heat near the surface. [2] Similarly, virgae happen on gas giant planets such as Jupiter . [ citation needed ] In September 2008, NASA's Phoenix lander discovered a snow variety of virga falling from Martian clouds.
Carbon dioxide that dissolves in water to form carbonic acid is the most important source of protons, but organic acids are also important natural sources of acidity. [34] Acid hydrolysis from dissolved carbon dioxide is sometimes described as carbonation , and can result in weathering of the primary minerals to secondary carbonate minerals. [ 35 ]
Likens is best known for leading the team of scientists that discovered acid rain in North America, and connected fossil fuels with increasing acidity of precipitation. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In addition to its scientific impact, this work has influenced public debate and governmental policy, particularly the United States Congress 's Clean Air Act ...
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Subsurface water may return to the surface (e.g. as a spring or by being pumped) or eventually seep into the oceans. Water returns to the land surface at lower elevation than where it infiltrated, under the force of gravity or gravity induced pressures. Groundwater tends to move slowly and is replenished slowly, so it can remain in aquifers for ...
The symbol represents a "third body", a molecular species that is required to carry away energy from the exothermic reaction 2.Equation 4 relates the concentrations of NO x and ozone, and is known as the Leighton relationship.